Author Archives: Raeli Hydro

By Raeli Hydro

Manual borehole drilling is a traditional method of accessing underground water using human-powered tools and relatively simple drilling equipment. Unlike modern mechanical drilling, which uses large rigs, compressors and engines, manual methods depend mainly on physical labour, hand-operated tools and basic mechanical systems.

Manual drilling can be useful in areas where groundwater is relatively shallow and the ground formations are suitable. It can also offer a lower-cost option for small communities, households and projects with limited access to heavy drilling equipment. However, it is not suitable for every site. Ground conditions, groundwater depth and the required water yield must be considered before choosing the method.

What Is Manual Borehole Drilling?

Manual borehole drilling involves creating a narrow hole in the ground to reach an underground water-bearing formation. Workers use tools to loosen soil and remove the material from the hole.

Depending on the ground conditions, different manual techniques can be used. These may include hand augering, percussion methods and other simple drilling approaches.

The basic principle is straightforward. The drilling team gradually penetrates the ground, removes soil and rock fragments, supports the sides of the hole where necessary and continues until a suitable groundwater zone is reached.

A manual borehole is generally more practical in soft soils, sandy formations, clay and unconsolidated sediments. Hard rock can make manual drilling extremely difficult or impossible.

How Manual Borehole Drilling Works

The process normally begins with site selection. The drilling team needs to identify a location where groundwater is likely to be available.

Groundwater does not occur at the same depth everywhere. Some locations may have shallow groundwater, while others may require much deeper drilling. Local geological information, existing wells and professional groundwater assessments can help determine whether manual drilling is appropriate.

Once a suitable location is identified, the drilling area is prepared.

1. Preparing the Drilling Site

The team clears the selected area and establishes a safe working space. The drilling point is marked and basic equipment is assembled.

Depending on the chosen technique, equipment may include:

• Hand augers
• Drilling rods
• Cutting bits
• Rope and lifting equipment
• Buckets or bailers
• Tripods
• Casing pipes
• Water storage containers
• Basic pumping equipment

The equipment required depends on the soil conditions and the intended depth.

2. Starting the Borehole

The drilling process begins by placing the drilling tool at the selected point.

With hand auger drilling, the auger is rotated manually. Its cutting blades penetrate the soil and collect material. The auger is periodically removed from the hole so that the soil can be emptied.

The tool is then returned to the hole and the process continues.

This cycle is repeated many times.

As the borehole becomes deeper, additional drilling rods can be connected to the auger. This allows the drilling team to reach greater depths without requiring a large mechanical rig.

3. Removing Soil and Cuttings

Removing excavated material is one of the most important parts of manual drilling.

If soil is allowed to remain inside the borehole, it can obstruct the drilling tool and make further penetration difficult.

The drilling team therefore regularly removes the cuttings. Depending on the method, this can be done using an auger, bailer, bucket or similar tool.

The material removed from the hole can also provide useful information about the underground formation. Changes in soil colour, texture, gravel content and moisture can help indicate changes in geology.

4. Supporting the Borehole Walls

A major challenge in manual drilling is borehole collapse.

Loose sand, gravel and unstable soil can fall into the hole. This can make drilling difficult and may contaminate the groundwater.

To reduce this risk, workers may install temporary or permanent casing as drilling progresses.

Casing provides structural support to the borehole walls. It also helps separate the water-bearing section from unstable formations.

The type and diameter of casing depend on the design of the borehole and the geological conditions.

5. Reaching the Water-Bearing Formation

The main objective is to reach a suitable aquifer.

An aquifer is a geological formation that stores and transmits groundwater. When the drilling process reaches a water-bearing zone, the material removed from the hole may become noticeably wetter.

However, simply finding wet soil does not automatically mean that the borehole will provide enough water for a household or other use.

The yield, water quality and long-term sustainability of the source must be considered.

This is one reason why professional assessment is important before deciding to rely on manual drilling.

6. Installing the Screen and Casing

After reaching the target water-bearing formation, the borehole can be completed with appropriate casing and screen.

The screen allows groundwater to enter the borehole while helping prevent larger particles of sand and gravel from entering the water system.

A gravel pack may also be installed around the screened section where appropriate. This can help improve filtration and support the borehole structure.

Proper completion is essential because a poorly constructed borehole can produce muddy water, suffer from excessive sand production or become unstable.

7. Developing the Borehole

After construction, the borehole may need to be developed.

Borehole development involves removing fine particles and drilling residues from around the screened section. The objective is to improve the movement of groundwater into the borehole.

Depending on the construction method, development can involve surging, bailing, pumping or other suitable techniques.

The water may initially appear cloudy. Continued development can help improve clarity and reduce the amount of loose material entering the borehole.

8. Testing the Water

Finding groundwater is only part of the job.

The water should be tested before it is used for drinking or domestic purposes. Testing can identify physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics.

Water quality can vary considerably from one location to another. Groundwater can contain minerals or contaminants that are not visible to the eye.

Professional water testing therefore helps determine whether treatment is necessary.

Manual Borehole Drilling vs Mechanical Drilling

The main difference between manual and mechanical drilling is the equipment and drilling capacity.

Manual drilling normally uses simple tools and human labour. It can be cheaper and easier to mobilise in suitable locations.

Mechanical borehole drilling uses specialised drilling rigs and equipment. It can penetrate much deeper formations and is generally more suitable for hard rock and projects requiring higher production capacity.

Mechanical methods such as percussion drilling and Down-the-Hole drilling are commonly used where geological conditions are too difficult for manual techniques. Raeli Hydro provides specialised drilling methods for different geological formations and groundwater requirements.

The choice should therefore not be based on price alone. The geology, expected depth, required yield and intended water use are all important.

Advantages of Manual Borehole Drilling

There are several potential benefits to manual borehole drilling.

First, the equipment is usually simpler than a large mechanical drilling rig. This can make the method easier to transport to locations with difficult road access.

Second, manual drilling can require less initial equipment investment.

Third, the method can be suitable for shallow groundwater projects in favourable geological conditions.

It may also be useful for community water projects where the expected water demand is modest.

Limitations of Manual Drilling

Manual drilling also has significant limitations.

The biggest limitation is depth. Manual equipment cannot normally compete with modern drilling rigs when groundwater is located deep underground.

Hard rock is another major challenge. Volcanic rock, crystalline rock and other hard formations can require powerful mechanical drilling equipment.

Manual drilling can also take longer and require considerable physical labour.

Most importantly, not every location with groundwater is suitable for manual drilling. A method that works well in loose sediments may fail completely in hard or unstable formations.

Is Manual Borehole Drilling Legal in Kenya?

Anyone considering groundwater development in Kenya should follow the applicable requirements of the Water Resources Authority (WRA).

Kenya’s Water (Resources) Regulations, 2025 provide rules for groundwater development. The regulations state that a person intending to abstract groundwater must apply for authorisation from the Authority. They also provide specific requirements for boreholes and wells equipped with motorised pumps, including hydrogeological information, testing, professional supervision and completion records.

This means property owners should not simply begin drilling without checking the applicable requirements.

The correct approvals and technical procedures help protect groundwater resources and reduce the risk of poorly constructed water sources.

Why Professional Assessment Matters

Although manual drilling may appear simple, borehole construction requires technical knowledge.

Choosing the wrong location can result in a dry or low-yielding borehole. Poor casing can cause collapse. Incorrect screening can allow excessive sand into the water. Poor sanitation around the borehole can also create contamination risks.

For these reasons, groundwater development should be approached as an engineering and water-resource project rather than simply digging a deep hole.

Manual Borehole Drilling by Raeli Hydro

Raeli Hydro provides borehole drilling and groundwater solutions for different applications in Kenya. The company works with different drilling technologies depending on the geological conditions, required depth and water requirements.

Where manual drilling is suitable, the method can provide a practical way of accessing shallow groundwater. Where deeper or harder formations are encountered, a mechanical drilling technique may be more appropriate.

The best drilling method should always be selected after considering the site geology, groundwater potential, expected yield and intended use of the water.

For households, farms, institutions and businesses seeking a reliable groundwater source, professional planning can help reduce unnecessary drilling costs and improve the chances of developing a productive borehole.

Manual borehole drilling remains a useful groundwater development technique where the geological conditions are favourable. It combines simple equipment, human labour and careful borehole construction to reach shallow underground water.

However, it is not a universal solution. Groundwater depth, geology, borehole design, water quality and legal requirements all need to be considered.

With proper site assessment and construction, manual drilling can provide an affordable water source for suitable communities and properties. Where the ground is too deep or hard, modern mechanical drilling methods provide a more appropriate alternative.

Solar Powered Pumps and Accessories

By Raeli Hydro

Solar powered pumps and accessories are becoming an important solution for reliable water supply in homes, farms, schools, businesses and remote locations. These systems use energy from the sun to pump water from boreholes, wells, rivers, dams and storage reservoirs without depending fully on electricity from the grid or diesel fuel.

For properties with high water demand or unreliable electricity, a properly designed solar water pumping system can provide dependable water supply while reducing ongoing energy costs. Raeli Hydro provides solar pumping solutions, including pump selection, system design, installation and related borehole services.

What Are Solar Powered Pumps?

A solar powered water pump is a pump that uses electricity generated by solar photovoltaic panels to move water from one location to another.

Solar panels capture sunlight and convert it into electrical energy. The electricity is then supplied to the pump through a suitable controller or inverter. The pump moves water to a storage tank, irrigation system, household, livestock watering point or other destination.

Solar water pumping systems can use either submersible pumps or surface pumps. Submersible pumps are commonly used for deep boreholes because the pump is installed below the water level. Surface pumps are more suitable for shallow water sources and water transfer applications.

How Solar Water Pumping Systems Work

A complete system has several components that work together.

During the day, solar panels generate electricity. The controller manages the electrical power supplied to the pump. Where required, an inverter converts DC electricity from the panels into AC electricity suitable for the pump motor.

The pump then draws water from the source and pushes it through the rising main or delivery pipe. Water can be directed into a storage tank for use later.

Modern pump controllers can also provide important protection features. These may include dry-run protection, voltage protection and pump control. Some controllers use MPPT technology to make better use of the available solar energy.

One major advantage is that many solar pumping systems do not need batteries. Instead, water can be pumped during sunny hours and stored in a tank for use when the sun is not available.

Main Solar Pump Accessories

A solar pump installation is more than just a pump and solar panels. The accessories are important for safe, reliable and efficient operation.

1. Solar Panels

Solar panels provide the energy required to operate the pump. The number and wattage of panels depend on pump power, water demand, pumping depth and the amount of water required each day.

Correct panel sizing is important. An undersized solar array may not provide enough power for the pump to operate properly.

2. Solar Pump Controller

The solar pump controller regulates electricity between the solar array and the pump. It can help protect the pump against electrical problems and dry running.

Some advanced controllers include MPPT technology, which helps extract available power from the solar panels as sunlight conditions change.

3. Solar Pump Inverter

An inverter is required for certain AC pump systems. It converts the DC electricity generated by the solar panels into AC electricity for the pump motor.

Hybrid systems can also be designed to work with solar, grid electricity or a generator, depending on the equipment selected.

4. Submersible Pump

A solar submersible pump is installed inside the borehole or well. It is designed to push water from deep underground to the surface.

The correct pump must be selected according to the borehole depth, water level, borehole yield, required flow rate and total pumping head.

5. Pump Cable

The submersible pump cable carries electricity from the controller or inverter to the pump. Cable size must match the pump requirements and installation distance.

Good-quality cables help reduce electrical losses and improve system reliability.

6. Borehole Rising Pipes

UPVC or other suitable rising pipes transport water from the submersible pump to the surface. Pipe diameter should be selected according to the pump flow rate and installation requirements.

The pipe should also be suitable for the pressure and depth involved.

7. Water Level Sensors

Water level sensors and probes help monitor water conditions inside the borehole. They can prevent the pump from operating when the water level becomes too low.

This is important because dry running can cause serious damage to a pump.

8. Non-Return Valves

A non-return valve helps prevent water from flowing back down the delivery pipe when the pump stops.

This can help maintain the water column and reduce unnecessary stress on the pumping system.

9. Solar Mounting Structure

Solar panels require a strong and stable mounting structure. The structure keeps the panels securely positioned and helps them receive adequate sunlight.

The mounting system should be designed to withstand local weather conditions and provide easy access for maintenance.

10. Storage Tanks

A water storage tank is an important part of many solar pumping systems. Instead of storing electricity in batteries, users can store the water pumped during sunny periods.

Tank capacity should be based on daily water demand, pumping capacity and the expected period between pumping opportunities.

Applications of Solar Powered Pumps

Solar powered pumps can be used for many water projects.

Domestic Water Supply

Homes in areas with unreliable electricity can use solar pumps to supply water from boreholes and wells. Water can be pumped into elevated tanks and distributed through the property’s plumbing system.

Agricultural Irrigation

Farmers can use solar pumping systems for irrigation. Water can be pumped into tanks, drip irrigation systems, sprinklers or directly to agricultural fields.

Solar pumping is particularly useful for farms located away from reliable grid electricity.

Livestock Watering

Ranches and farms can use solar pumps to supply water to cattle, goats, sheep and other livestock.

Automatic water troughs and storage tanks can help provide a consistent supply.

Schools and Institutions

Schools, churches, hospitals and other institutions can use solar borehole pumps to improve access to water.

For institutions with significant daily demand, system sizing should consider the number of users and peak water requirements.

Commercial and Industrial Applications

Businesses, hotels, residential developments and industrial facilities may also use solar pumping systems where they require reliable water supply.

Larger installations can be designed around specific flow rates, storage requirements and operating schedules.

Benefits of Solar Powered Pumps

There are several reasons why solar water pumping systems are gaining popularity.

Reduced energy costs: Solar energy is available without purchasing diesel fuel or paying electricity charges for the energy generated by the panels.

Suitable for remote areas: Solar pumps can operate in locations where grid electricity is unavailable or unreliable.

Lower operating requirements: Solar pumping systems have fewer fuel-related maintenance requirements than diesel-powered pumps.

Environmentally friendly: Solar energy produces electricity without the direct combustion emissions associated with diesel pumping.

Long-term water storage: Water can be pumped during sunny periods and stored for use later.

Flexible applications: Solar pumps can be designed for domestic water supply, irrigation, livestock and institutional projects.

Choosing the Right Solar Pump

Choosing a solar pump should not be based only on the pump’s horsepower or price.

A professional assessment should consider borehole depth, static water level, borehole yield, daily water demand, required flow rate, total dynamic head and storage capacity.

The solar array must then be matched to the pump and expected operating conditions.

A properly sized system can deliver better performance and help prevent problems caused by inadequate power or an incorrectly selected pump.

Solar Pump Installation by Raeli Hydro

Raeli Hydro provides solutions for clients looking for dependable water pumping systems. The company can assist with solar pump selection, borehole equipping, solar panel installation, pump installation and water supply system design.

The process starts with understanding the water source and the customer’s requirements. The appropriate pump and accessories can then be selected based on the site’s technical conditions.

A complete installation may include the solar panels, pump, controller or inverter, cables, rising pipes, water level sensors, valves, mounting structures and storage tank.

Professional installation is important because every component must work together correctly. Incorrect pump sizing, inadequate solar capacity or poor cable and pipe selection can reduce system performance.

Solar Powered Pumps and Accessories for Reliable Water Supply

A well-designed solar powered pump system can provide a practical solution for homes, farms, institutions and businesses that need reliable water without depending completely on grid electricity.

The system works best when the pump, solar panels, controller, cables, pipes, sensors and storage facilities are correctly matched to the water source and daily demand.

Raeli Hydro can help property owners and project developers select and install suitable solar powered pumps and accessories for boreholes and other water sources. With proper design, installation and maintenance, solar pumping can provide a dependable and efficient way to move and store water using Kenya’s abundant solar energy.

By Raeli Hydro

A commercial borehole needs more than a good water source. It needs the right water tank, borehole pump, pipework, controls and storage system to provide reliable water throughout the day. Choosing equipment based only on borehole depth or the number of users can lead to low pressure, pump failure, high electricity bills and water shortages.

The best approach is to design the system around the borehole yield, daily water demand, pumping head and required storage capacity. Raeli Hydro provides borehole drilling, pump installation and water-supply solutions designed for commercial properties across Kenya.

Why Tank and Pump Selection Matters

A commercial property may use large amounts of water every day. Hotels, schools, hospitals, apartments, factories, offices, farms and shopping centres can all have different water-demand patterns.

A pump that is too small may not fill the storage tank quickly enough. An oversized pump can consume unnecessary electricity and may pump the borehole faster than its sustainable yield.

Current Kenyan groundwater regulations require boreholes intended for motorised pumping to undergo test pumping. The 2025 Water (Resources) Regulations specify a continuous constant-rate pumping test of at least 24 hours, followed by a recovery period of at least 20 hours. This information helps establish the borehole’s performance before pump selection.

Recommended Borehole Pump for Commercial Use

For most commercial boreholes, a submersible borehole pump is a suitable option. The pump is installed inside the borehole and pushes water to the surface and into a storage tank.

However, there is no single pump size that works for every commercial borehole.

The correct pump should be selected according to:

• Borehole yield
• Pumping water level
• Borehole depth
• Required flow rate
• Total dynamic head
• Pipe diameter and length
• Tank height
• Required delivery pressure
• Power supply
• Daily water consumption

Raeli Hydro explains that pump selection should consider borehole depth, water yield, pipe layout and required flow rate. Proper sizing helps avoid inefficient operation and premature pump failure.

How Much Pump Capacity Does a Commercial Borehole Need?

The required pump capacity depends on the property’s demand.

For example, a small commercial building may require a relatively modest flow rate, while a large hotel, factory or apartment complex may require several cubic metres of water per hour.

A commercial borehole should not automatically be fitted with the biggest available pump. The sustainable borehole yield is a major limiting factor.

If a pump removes water faster than the borehole can recharge, the water level may fall significantly. This can cause the pump to run dry or operate under unsuitable conditions.

Pump selection should therefore begin with borehole test-pumping data, rather than simply choosing a pump based on the desired daily water volume.

Understanding Total Dynamic Head

Another important factor is Total Dynamic Head (TDH).

TDH represents the total work the pump must do to move water from the borehole to its point of delivery. It includes the lift from the pumping water level, pipe friction, fittings and the pressure required at the destination.

For example, a commercial property with a tank located on a tall water tower may require more pumping head than one with a ground-level storage tank.

The pump must therefore be capable of delivering the required flow at the actual operating head.

Technical pump-selection guidance also recommends using the borehole field data and calculating factors such as flow rate and total dynamic head before selecting a pump.

Recommended Water Tank Size

The water storage tank should provide enough water to handle normal consumption and short periods when the pump is not operating.

There is no universal commercial tank size. A small office may need much less storage than a school, hospital, hotel or apartment complex.

A proper design should consider:

1. Average daily consumption
2. Peak water demand
3. Borehole production rate
4. Pump operating hours
5. Power reliability
6. Available backup water
7. Fire-fighting requirements, where applicable
8. Future expansion

For many commercial properties, storage can be designed to provide a buffer between borehole production and water consumption.

For example, if a property uses water throughout the day while the borehole pump operates during selected periods, a storage tank allows water to accumulate and remain available during periods of high demand.

Ground-Level or Elevated Water Tank?

Commercial borehole systems can use ground-level tanks, elevated tanks or a combination of both.

Ground-Level Storage Tanks

A ground-level tank can hold large volumes of water and is often easier to install and maintain.

Water can then be transferred to the building using a booster pump system.

This arrangement can work well for hotels, factories, apartment complexes and large commercial compounds.

Elevated Water Tanks

An elevated tank uses gravity to provide water pressure to downstream points.

The higher the tank is positioned, the greater the potential gravity pressure. However, the tank structure must be properly designed to safely support the weight of the stored water.

A tank holding 10,000 litres contains approximately 10 tonnes of water, before the weight of the tank and supporting structure is considered.

For this reason, elevated tanks require proper structural planning.

Consider a Two-Stage Pumping System

For some commercial properties, Raeli Hydro may recommend a two-stage pumping arrangement.

The first pump transfers water from the borehole into a storage tank. A second booster pump then distributes water from the storage tank to buildings or other points of use.

This can provide better control of water pressure.

It can also allow the borehole pump to operate according to the borehole’s production capacity while the booster system responds to changing building demand.

This arrangement is particularly useful for multi-storey buildings, hotels, apartments, hospitals and commercial compounds where pressure requirements vary.

Choose the Right Pump Controls

A commercial borehole should have appropriate electrical and control equipment.

Important components may include:

• Control panel
• Motor starter
• Overload protection
• Voltage protection
• Low-water protection
• Tank level controls
• Pressure gauges
• Non-return valves
• Isolation valves
• Flow meter
• Appropriate pump cables

Kenyan public-sector borehole specifications also commonly include control panels, low-level cut-outs, pressure gauges, non-return valves and water metering as part of borehole pump installations.

These components help protect the pump and make it easier to monitor the system.

Variable-Speed Pumps for Commercial Buildings

A variable-speed drive (VSD) can be useful where water demand changes significantly during the day.

Instead of a pump operating continuously at one speed, the system can adjust motor speed according to demand.

This can help maintain more consistent pressure and may reduce energy consumption in suitable applications.

VSD systems are especially worth considering for large apartments, hotels, offices, hospitals and industrial facilities with changing water requirements.

The system must still be correctly designed. A variable-speed controller cannot compensate for an incorrectly sized pump or an inadequate borehole yield.

Solar Pumping as an Alternative

Commercial properties in areas with unreliable grid electricity can also consider a solar-powered borehole pump.

Solar pumping can be useful for farms, schools, lodges and other facilities where daytime water production is practical.

Raeli Hydro provides solar pumping systems that can include solar panels, controllers, submersible pumps and storage tanks.

One major advantage of solar pumping is that water can be pumped into storage during daylight and used later. This makes the water tank an important part of the overall solar water system.

Recommended Commercial Borehole System

A typical commercial installation may include:

Component	Recommended Purpose
Borehole submersible pump	Extracts groundwater
Storage tank	Stores water for daily use
Booster pump	Maintains building pressure
Control panel	Controls and protects the pump
Flow meter	Monitors water production
Water level controls	Prevents unsuitable pump operation
Pressure gauge	Monitors system pressure
Non-return valve	Prevents reverse flow
Rising main	Carries water from borehole
Distribution pipes	Delivers water around the property

The exact specifications should be established after assessing the borehole and the commercial property’s water requirements.

Professional Installation Is Important

A commercial borehole is a long-term infrastructure investment. Poor equipment selection or installation can create expensive problems.

The pump should be selected from its performance curve and matched to the required duty point. Pipework should also be sized correctly to control friction losses.

Raeli Hydro provides pump installation, testing, commissioning and maintenance services. Its pump service process includes site assessment, pump sizing, electrical and plumbing installation, testing and commissioning.

The company also handles borehole submersible pumps, solar pumps and pressure booster pumps for different applications.

Maintenance of Commercial Borehole Pumps and Tanks

Regular maintenance helps protect the investment.

Commercial operators should periodically inspect the pump, electrical controls, tank, valves, pipes and water-quality condition.

Pump performance should also be monitored. Changes in flow rate, pressure, power consumption or water quality can indicate a developing problem.

The storage tank should be inspected and cleaned according to the needs of the water system. Leaks, damaged fittings, blocked pipes and faulty level controls should be addressed promptly.

Get a Proper Commercial Borehole Assessment

The best water tank and pump recommendations for a commercial borehole depend on actual site conditions.

Raeli Hydro recommends assessing the borehole yield, water levels, required flow, pumping head, pipework and intended use before final equipment selection.

A properly designed system can provide reliable water supply, better pump performance, improved energy efficiency and lower maintenance costs.

For commercial borehole projects, avoid selecting a pump or tank based only on price or borehole depth. The right solution should be engineered around the water source and the property’s actual demand.

Raeli Hydro provides borehole drilling, pump installation, water storage and related water-supply solutions across Kenya. Its services cover commercial properties, institutions, farms, residential developments and other sites requiring dependable groundwater systems.

By Raeli Hydro

A residential borehole can provide a reliable source of water for drinking, cleaning, bathing, gardening, laundry and other household needs. However, drilling the borehole is only the beginning. You also need the right water tank, borehole pump, piping, controls and pressure system to make the water supply useful and dependable.

Choosing the wrong pump can cause low water pressure, excessive electricity consumption, frequent breakdowns and damage to the borehole. An undersized storage tank can also leave a household without enough water during power interruptions or periods of high demand.

At Raeli Hydro, borehole systems are designed according to the available groundwater yield, household demand, borehole depth and water distribution requirements. The company provides borehole drilling, pump installation, water tanks, water towers and related water-supply services.

Why Water Storage Is Important for a Residential Borehole

A residential borehole water tank acts as a buffer between the borehole pump and the household.

Instead of running the borehole pump every time someone opens a tap, water can first be pumped into a storage tank. The stored water is then distributed around the house through gravity or a booster pump.

This arrangement offers several advantages:

• Reliable water availability
• Reduced pump start-and-stop cycles
• Water available during short power interruptions
• Better management of peak household demand
• Reduced pressure on the borehole pump
• Easier integration with rainwater or municipal water systems

A good residential system should therefore consider both water production and water storage capacity.

Recommended Water Tank Sizes for Homes

The correct tank size depends on the number of residents, daily water consumption, garden requirements and other uses.

A small household with limited water demand may work well with a 3,000-litre tank. A larger family may need 5,000 litres or more.

A general planning guide is shown below:

Household	Suggested Tank Capacity
1–3 people	2,000–3,000 litres
3–5 people	3,000–5,000 litres
5–8 people	5,000–10,000 litres
Large home	10,000–20,000+ litres

These are planning ranges rather than fixed rules. A professional assessment should consider the home’s actual consumption and borehole yield.

For example, a home with five residents may require a 5,000-litre tank, while a large residence with extensive landscaping, multiple bathrooms and domestic staff may need significantly more storage.

Raeli Hydro provides water tank installation as part of its wider borehole water-supply solutions.

Should You Choose a Plastic or Concrete Water Tank?

For most residential borehole installations, high-quality polyethylene plastic tanks are a practical option.

They are lightweight, relatively easy to install and available in different capacities. They are also suitable for installation on a properly designed tower or support structure.

Concrete tanks can be useful where very large storage capacity is required or where the tank is integrated into a building or underground structure. However, they require more construction work.

The choice should consider:

• Tank capacity
• Available installation space
• Structural support
• Water quality
• Budget
• Ease of maintenance
• Expected service life

The tank should also have a secure cover to help prevent contamination from dust, insects, leaves and other materials.

Choosing the Right Borehole Pump

The borehole pump is one of the most important components of the system.

For most residential boreholes, a submersible pump is a suitable choice, particularly where the water level is deep. Submersible pumps operate inside the borehole and push water toward the surface.

Raeli Hydro lists submersible, solar submersible, jet and multistage pumps among the pump types used for different applications. Pump selection depends on factors such as depth, yield and required pressure.

The pump should never be selected based only on horsepower.

A 1.5 HP pump, for example, is not automatically better than a 1 HP pump. What matters is whether the pump can deliver the required flow at the required total dynamic head without exceeding the sustainable borehole yield.

Match the Pump to Borehole Yield

Every borehole has a particular sustainable yield.

The yield indicates how much water the borehole can produce without excessive drawdown. Pumping water faster than the borehole can sustainably provide may cause problems.

For this reason, a pump test should be performed before final pump selection.

Pump testing helps determine the borehole’s performance and water-level behaviour. Current technical guidance on borehole pump selection also emphasizes sizing the pump to the well’s sustainable yield, rather than simply selecting equipment based on household demand.

Raeli Hydro similarly recommends pump testing and yield analysis as part of borehole development.

Consider Total Dynamic Head

Another important factor is total dynamic head (TDH).

TDH represents the total resistance the pump must overcome to deliver water to its destination. It includes the vertical lift from the water level, pressure requirements and losses through pipes, bends, valves and other fittings.

A pump may have a high flow rating at low head but deliver much less water when required to lift water from a deep borehole to an elevated tank.

Professional pump sizing should therefore consider:

Borehole depth + dynamic water level + elevation + pipe losses + required pressure.

This is one reason why buying a pump without a technical assessment can lead to poor performance.

Recommended Pump Types for Residential Boreholes

1. Submersible Electric Pump

This is one of the most common choices for residential boreholes.

It is installed below ground level and pushes water upward. It is suitable for deep boreholes and can supply water to elevated tanks.

2. Solar Submersible Pump

A solar borehole pump can be useful where grid electricity is unreliable or unavailable.

Solar systems can pump water during daylight and store it in a tank for later use. This can reduce dependence on electricity or fuel.

Raeli Hydro provides solar pumping solutions that integrate pumps, controllers and storage systems.

3. Booster Pump

A booster pump can be added after the storage tank where the house requires higher water pressure.

This can be particularly useful for multi-storey homes, showers, washing machines and irrigation systems.

The borehole pump and booster pump perform different jobs. The borehole pump moves water from the underground source to storage, while the booster pump can improve pressure within the household distribution system.

Use an Elevated Tank for Gravity Pressure

An elevated water tank can provide water pressure through gravity.

The higher the tank is positioned relative to the taps, the greater the potential gravitational pressure. However, tank height alone may not provide enough pressure for modern showers or high-demand appliances.

A pressure booster system can therefore be used where stronger and more consistent pressure is required.

Raeli Hydro provides water tower construction and tank installation services for borehole systems.

Include Pump Protection

A residential borehole system should have appropriate pump protection equipment.

Recommended components can include:

• Control panel
• Overload protection
• Dry-run protection
• Surge protection
• Level controls
• Pressure controls
• Properly sized electrical cables
• Isolation valves

Dry-run protection is particularly important. If the water level falls below the pump intake and the pump continues operating, the motor may overheat or suffer damage.

Professional installation helps ensure the pump, electrical system and plumbing work together correctly. Raeli Hydro notes that incorrect pump sizing or poor installation can lead to overheating, high energy consumption and premature pump failure.

Suggested Residential Borehole Setup

For an average family home, a practical configuration could include:

Borehole → Submersible Pump → Rising Main → Storage Tank → Booster Pump → House Distribution

For example, a residential property might use a 5,000-litre storage tank, a properly sized submersible pump and a booster pump where higher pressure is required.

However, the exact pump capacity should be determined after checking the borehole’s depth, yield, dynamic water level and household demand.

Maintain Your Borehole System

Even a high-quality installation needs regular maintenance.

The pump should be inspected periodically. Electrical connections, valves, pipes, tanks and control equipment should also be checked.

The tank should be cleaned at appropriate intervals to maintain good water hygiene. Water quality testing is also recommended, particularly when borehole water is used for drinking and cooking.

Raeli Hydro offers water testing, pump maintenance, borehole rehabilitation and related services as part of its water solutions.

Why Choose Raeli Hydro?

Raeli Hydro provides complete borehole solutions, from hydrogeological surveys and drilling to pump installation, water storage and maintenance.

The company works with different pump technologies and supplies systems for homes, schools, farms, businesses and institutions. Its services include submersible pump installation, solar pumping systems, water tanks, water towers, pump testing and water quality services.

For a residential property, the best approach is to design the complete system rather than buying individual components separately.

A properly matched borehole pump and water tank can provide dependable water, reduce unnecessary energy use and protect your investment.

Contact Raeli Hydro for Residential Borehole Solutions

If you are planning a new borehole or upgrading an existing residential water system, Raeli Hydro can assess your borehole and recommend suitable equipment.

The company can help with borehole pump selection, water tank installation, pressure systems, solar pumping, water testing and maintenance.

Phone: 0700 666 888
Email: info@raelihydro.com
Website: Raeli Hydro

A good residential borehole is not simply a drilled hole with a pump. It is a complete water system. By matching the tank capacity, pump performance, borehole yield and household demand, homeowners can achieve a more reliable and efficient water supply for many years.

By Raeli Hydro

A borehole can provide a reliable and independent water supply for homes, farms, schools, businesses, apartments and industrial properties. However, the cost of drilling a borehole is not the same for every property. Several technical, geological and logistical factors determine the final price.

In Kenya, current estimates show that borehole drilling can range from a few hundred thousand shillings to well over KES 1 million, depending on the depth, geology, equipment and intended water use. Raeli Hydro estimates that a complete residential borehole project can commonly fall within the KES 400,000 to KES 700,000 range, although more complex projects can cost considerably more.

Understanding these factors helps property owners prepare a realistic budget and avoid unexpected expenses.

1. Borehole Depth

Depth is one of the biggest factors affecting borehole drilling costs.

The deeper the drilling rig has to go, the more time, fuel, labour and drilling materials are required. A borehole drilled to 60 metres will normally cost less than one drilled to 150 or 200 metres.

The required depth depends on the location of underground water-bearing formations. Some areas have relatively shallow groundwater, while others require much deeper drilling.

Raeli Hydro estimates that drilling rates can vary according to depth and site conditions, with deeper projects generally requiring a larger investment.

It is important not to select an artificial depth simply to reduce costs. The objective is to reach a suitable aquifer that can provide enough water for the intended use.

2. Geological Conditions

The type of rock and soil underground has a major effect on drilling costs.

Soft formations such as loose sediments may be easier and faster to drill through. Hard volcanic rocks, granite and other difficult formations can require more powerful equipment, specialized drilling methods and additional drilling time.

Hard formations can also increase wear on drill bits and other equipment.

Kenya has highly varied geology. This is one reason why a drilling quotation in one county may be very different from a quotation for another location.

A professional hydrogeological survey helps identify geological conditions and potential groundwater zones before drilling starts.

3. Hydrogeological Survey

A hydrogeological survey is an important first step in borehole development.

The survey examines available geological and groundwater information and may use geophysical techniques to identify areas with potential groundwater. It helps determine a suitable drilling location and estimate the likely depth.

Raeli Hydro lists hydrogeological and geophysical survey costs as a separate part of the overall borehole budget.

The survey adds to the initial cost, but it can help reduce the risk of drilling in an unsuitable location.

Kenya’s current water regulations also require a hydrogeological survey report when a borehole or well will be equipped with a motorised pump.

4. Location of the Property

The location of the borehole site also affects the price.

A drilling company must transport a heavy rig, compressor, pipes, casing and other equipment to the site. Properties located far from major roads may therefore have higher mobilisation and transport costs.

Difficult access can create additional challenges. Narrow roads, steep terrain, muddy ground or restricted construction areas may make it harder to position the drilling equipment.

Urban projects can also have additional logistical considerations because of limited working space, traffic and nearby buildings.

5. Borehole Diameter

The diameter of the borehole influences the amount of drilling and casing material required.

A larger borehole generally requires more drilling time and more casing material. It may also require a larger pump depending on the intended water demand.

A domestic property may have different requirements from a commercial farm, school, apartment complex or industrial facility.

The borehole should therefore be designed according to the expected water demand, rather than simply choosing the largest possible diameter.

6. Casing and Screens

After drilling, the borehole normally needs suitable casing and screens.

Casing helps support the borehole walls and protects the structure from collapse. Screens allow groundwater to enter the borehole while helping prevent unwanted formation material from entering the well.

The cost depends on:

• Borehole depth
• Casing diameter
• Casing material
• Geological conditions
• Screen requirements

PVC and steel are among the materials used for borehole casing. Steel can be preferred in demanding geological conditions, while PVC can offer a more economical option in suitable formations.

Raeli Hydro estimates casing and lining costs can represent a significant part of the overall borehole investment.

7. Type and Capacity of the Pump

A borehole is not complete until the water can be brought to the surface.

The submersible pump is therefore another major cost.

Pump selection depends on several factors, including:

• Borehole depth
• Water level
• Required flow rate
• Vertical pumping distance
• Daily water demand
• Pipe size
• Power source

A small domestic system will normally require less pumping capacity than an irrigation project or commercial development.

Raeli Hydro estimates pump supply and installation at approximately KES 80,000 to KES 250,000, depending on specifications and requirements.

Choosing the correct pump is important. An undersized pump may not meet demand, while an unnecessarily large pump can increase installation and energy costs.

8. Water Storage Requirements

The cost of a borehole project can also increase when water storage tanks are required.

Storage provides a reserve of water and allows the pump to operate according to a suitable schedule. The required tank size depends on the number of users and the expected daily consumption.

A home may need a smaller tank, while a school, apartment building, hotel, farm or factory may require several large tanks.

The cost can include:

Water tank + tank stand + pipes + valves + installation labour.

9. Water Quality

Finding groundwater does not automatically mean that the water is suitable for drinking.

Water quality testing is therefore an important part of the borehole project.

Testing can examine physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the water. If the results identify problems such as excessive mineral content, salinity, hardness, iron, fluoride or microbial contamination, additional treatment may be necessary.

Raeli Hydro lists water quality testing as a separate cost component, while treatment costs depend on the specific water-quality problem.

Treatment may involve filtration, softening, ultraviolet treatment, reverse osmosis or other systems.

10. Water Yield and Pump Testing

A borehole needs to produce enough water for its intended purpose.

Test pumping helps determine how much water the borehole can sustainably provide. The test can also provide information about water levels and borehole performance.

Kenya’s Water (Resources) Regulations, 2025 require boreholes and wells intended for motorised pumping to undergo test pumping. The regulations specify a continuous constant-rate pumping test of at least 24 hours, followed by a recovery period of at least 20 hours.

The required testing adds to project costs but provides important information before the pumping system is finalized.

11. Permits and Regulatory Requirements

Borehole development also involves regulatory requirements.

Kenya’s current regulations provide for groundwater development authorisation and groundwater use permits. They also require professional supervision of borehole construction and submission of completion records for boreholes equipped with motorised pumps.

The exact regulatory costs depend on the project and applicable category.

When requesting a quotation, property owners should ask whether survey reports, applications, permits, testing and completion documentation are included.

12. Intended Use of the Borehole

The purpose of the borehole has a direct effect on the final cost.

A domestic borehole supplying a family home may have relatively modest water requirements.

A commercial borehole for apartments, hotels, schools or offices may require greater pumping capacity and storage.

An irrigation borehole may require a high-yield water source, larger pump, bigger storage facilities and extensive distribution pipework.

Industrial projects can require even more water and may need advanced treatment systems.

13. Solar or Electric Pumping

The available power source also influences the project budget.

An electric submersible pump may be suitable where reliable electricity is available. Properties in remote locations may instead consider solar-powered pumping systems.

Solar installation has a higher initial cost because it may require solar panels, controllers, mounting structures, batteries where applicable and specialized installation.

However, solar pumping can reduce dependence on grid electricity and may be useful for farms and remote properties.

14. Mobilisation and Site Conditions

Finally, mobilisation costs should not be overlooked.

A drilling company has to move the drilling rig and support equipment to the property. The distance from the company’s base, road conditions and accessibility can all influence this cost.

Site preparation may also be required before drilling begins.

How to Get an Accurate Borehole Drilling Quote

The best way to determine your borehole drilling cost is to obtain a site-specific assessment rather than relying only on a general price per metre.

A professional quotation should clearly identify:

Cost Item	What It Covers
Hydrogeological survey	Identifying a suitable drilling location
Mobilisation	Transporting drilling equipment
Drilling	Drilling the required depth
Casing and screens	Supporting and protecting the borehole
Development	Cleaning and developing the borehole
Test pumping	Establishing borehole yield
Water testing	Checking water quality
Pump	Supplying and installing the pumping system
Storage	Tanks and related infrastructure
Permits	Applicable regulatory requirements

Choose a Professional Borehole Drilling Company

The cost of borehole drilling depends on much more than the drilling rate per metre. Depth, geology, location, casing, pump capacity, water quality, testing, permits and intended use can all change the final price.

At Raeli Hydro, proper assessment and project planning help clients understand the costs before drilling begins. A detailed quotation can also make it easier to compare contractors based on the actual scope of work rather than simply choosing the lowest price.

For homeowners, farmers, institutions and businesses planning a new water source, investing in proper borehole surveying, drilling, testing and installation can help create a reliable water system that serves the property for many years.